چكيده :
مهريه در نظام حقوقي خانواده از جايگاه ويژه اي برخوردار است و به عنوان يكي از حقوق مالي زوجه در جريان ازدواج است. اين نوشتار پس از بررسي ماهيت مهريه از ديدگاه فقه و حقوق اماميه به موضوع صحت و يا عدم صحت قرار گرفتن حقوق و منافع به عنوان مهريه و بيان ديدگاه ها و استدلال هاي مخالفان و موافقان ميپردازد و در نهايت نظريه مختار را به صورت استدلالي ارائه خواهد كرد. نظريه مختار با توجه به نظر مشهور فقهاي اماميه اين است كه ايشان نكاح را از عقود معاوضي نميدانند و بر اين عقيده و باوراند كه مهريه مانند عوض در عقود نيست و بزرگاني همچون شيخ طوسي(ره) آن را هبهاي ويژه از سوي خداوند متعال ميدانند (يعني عطيهي و هديهاي كه بدون عوض و با رضايت قلبي به كسي داده ميشود) كه خداوند پرداخت آن را بر زوج واجب گردانيده است (شيخ طوسي، 1413، ص109). به عبارتي ديگر مهريه يا «صداق» يك هبه، كاملاً محض و بدون عوض است و شايد با همين ملاحظه است كه قرآن مجيد ميفرمايد: «فَإِن طِبْنَ لَكُمْ عَن شَيْءٍ مِنْهُ نَفْساً فَكُلُوهُ هَنِيئاً مَرِيئاً». يعني اگر زنان بخشي از آن را از روي طيب نفس به شما برگردانند، نوش جان و گواراي تان باد (سوره نساء، آيه 4). از اين تعبير هم ميتوان فهميد كه مهريه، «هبه» غير معوض است و الّا با برگرداندن تمام يا قسمتي از آن، به همان نسبت از عوض آن هم بايد برگردانده شود؛ پس از نظر قرآن مجيد هم چيستي و ماهيت مهريه يا صداق را هبه و هديه بودن محض تشكيل ميدهد و جز آن، هيچ عنصر ديگري در آن دخيل نميباشد. مشهور فقهاي اماميه براي اثبات ادعاي خويش مبني بر جواز قرار گرفتن حقوق و منافع به عنوان مهريه به ادلهاي هم چون آيات از جمله داستان حضرت موسي و ازدواج ايشان به دختر حضرت شعيب ( سوره قصص، آيه 27 ) و روايات (زني كه توسط پيامبر اكرم(ص) مهريهاش آموزش قرآن كريم قرار گرفت) و دلايل عقلي و قواعد فقهي همچون قاعده سلطنت، قاعده اتلاف و تسبيب، قاعده احترام مال مسلمان، قاعده لاضرر، قاعده يد استناد نموده و در نهايت بعد از بررسي اين ادله بيان نمودند كه في الجمله ميتوان حقوق و منافع را به عنوان مهريه قرار داد و تمام احكام مترتب بر مهريه در مورد حقوق و منافعي كه به عنوان مهريه قرار ميگيرند نيزجاري نمود.
چكيده انگليسي :
Dowry has a special place in the legal system of the family and it is as one of the financial rights of the wife during marriage. this article after examining the nature of dowry from the point of view of jurisprudence and Twelver Shi'ism rights, it pays to authenticity or inauthenticity rights and benefits of dowry and expressing the viewpoints and arguments of opponents and supporters and finally the Mokhtar theory will be presented in an argumentative manner. Mukhtar's theory according to the famous opinion of Twelver Shi'ism jurists is that he does not consider marriage as an exchange contract and they believe that dowry is not like exchange in contracts and elders like Sheikh Tusi (RA) consider it as a special gift from Almighty God. ( that is, a gift that is given to someone without exchange and with the satisfaction of the heart). that God has made it obligatory for the couple to pay it. In other words, dowry or "sadaq" is a pure gift and it is unalterable, and perhaps it is with this consideration that the Holy Quran says: Pay the dowry of women to your satisfaction, so if they give you some of their dowry out of pleasure and satisfaction, enjoy it as it will be halal and happy for you. That is, if women take a part of it from the good deeds of you, let it be the source of your life and happiness. (Surat al-Nisa’, Verse 4"). It can be understood from this interpretation that it is dowry, a "Gift” that is gratuitous.and only by returning all or part of it, to the same proportion should be returned from its replacement; So, according to the Holy Qur'an, what is the quiddity and nature of dowry or charity? It constitutes a pure gift. and other than that, no other element is involved in it. famous jurists of Twelver Shi'ism for proof of their statements regarding to the legitimacy of submerging rights and benefits as dowry is based on evidences such as verses, including the story of Hazrat Musa and his marriage with the daughter of Hazrat Shoaib.(Surah Qesas, verse 27) and hadiths (a woman whose dowry was given by the Holy Prophet (PBUH). her dowry was used to teach the Holy Quran. and rational reasons and jurisprudential rules such as the rule of monarchy and that cited the rule of waste and attribution, the rule of respect, the rule of muslim property, harmless rule. the rule of hands. and finally, after examining these evidences, they stated that, in general rights and benefits can be considered as dowry. all of rules arising on dowry are regarding to the rights and interests as dowry are included.
