كليدواژه فارسي :
آب شور , بيوچار , صفات فيزيولوژيك , صفات مورفولوژيك , ضايعات آلي , گلرنگ
كليدواژه لاتين :
salt water , biochar , physiological traits , morphological traits , safflower , raw materials
چكيده انگليسي :
Due to the limited water resources and the decrease in the quality of available water, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, it is necessary to use water of unfavorable quality such as saline water for growing plants. In such a situation where plants face environmental stress and on the other hand are cultivated in soils with low fertility and unsuitable physical characteristics, the use of simple management methods to reduce the effects of stress on the plant and improve the physical conditions of the soil such as using It seems necessary from the soil conditioners. Saffron is one of the most important medicinal and industrial plants that can be cultivated in the country, which is of particular importance due to its oil content. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth and yield of safflower in the presence of soil conditioners, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications at the research farm of Ardakan University. The experimental treatments include irrigation water salinity at four levels (0/8, 4, 7 and 10 dS/m) and soil conditioners at three levels including the control (without addition of conditioner), the use of pistachio, walnut and almond waste. These wastes were in raw form (raw materials) and biochar. In the flowering period, traits including leaf area index, greenness index (SPAD), green cover temperature, leaf water potential and ion leakage were measured. At the end of the growth period, yield and yield components were measured for each treatment. Plant evaporation-transpiration was calculated based on the moisture balance equation, and water consumption efficiency and water consumption efficiency were also calculated. At the end of the growth period, important soil and plant ions were also measured. The results showed that the effect of soil amendment treatment was significant on all measured traits except 1000 seed weight, plant height, oil percentage, SPAD index, ion leakage and soil potassium. The effect of irrigation water salinity only on SPAD index was not significant. The interaction effect of two treatments on all traits except thousand seed weight, plant height, leaf area index, harvest index, oil percentage, evaporation-transpiration, physiological traits, soil sodium and potassium and plant potassium, calcium and magnesium were not significant. Increasing the salinity of irrigation water caused a significant decrease in all investigated traits except ion leakage. The results also showed that the use of soil conditioners, including raw materials and biochar, increased the yield and yield components of safflower and improved its physiological characteristics. The use of raw materials and biochar caused a 10% and 5% increase in seed yield, a 4% and 14% increase in harvest index, and a 10% and 4% increase in seed oil yield compared to the control treatment. Also, by using raw materials and biochar in the soil, safflower evaporation-transpiration decreased by 10 and 12%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the role of soil conditioners in increasing the harvest index, productivity and efficiency of water use in irrigation conditions with saline water was high, so that at the highest level of water salinity (10 deci-siemens/m) the harvest index, yield The yield and efficiency of safflower water consumption increased by 21%, 49% and 45%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The salinity threshold limit of saturated soil extract for seed production in Goldasht golarang variety in the control treatment (without modifier) was 3.3 and with the use of raw materials and biochar in the soil, it was determined as 5.9 and 8.4 decisiemens per meter, respectively. Also, the results showed that with the application of raw materials and biochar in the soil, especially in the irrigation conditions with saline water, the accumulation of ions such as sodium and chlorine in the saturated soil extract was reduced. Of course, the role of biochar in this reduction was greater than that of raw materials. The use of raw materials and biochar decreased the accumulation of sodium ions in the plant tissue and increased the absorption of calcium and potassium ions by the plant. Considering the necessity of increasing the efficiency of water consumption for growing plants in saline conditions, preventing the accumulation of agricultural waste and easy access of farmers to these materials, the use of raw materials of pistachio, walnut and almond hard waste or their biochar in areas where It is recommended that they face salinity stress.
